CONNECTING ELITES AND REGIONS Perspectives on contacts, relations and differentiation during the Early Iron Age Hallstatt C period in Northwest and Central Europe edited by Robert Schumann & Sasja van der VaartVerschoof Source reference: Schumann, R. and S. van der Vaart-Verschoof (eds) 2017: Connecting Elites and Regions, Leiden: Sidestone Press. SIDESTONE PRESS This is a free ofprint – as with all our publications the entire book is freely accessible on our website, where you can also buy a printed copy or pdf E-book. WWW.SIDESTONE.COM A publication of the Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology (Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie) of the University of Hamburg and the Department for European Prehistory of the Faculty of Archaeology of Leiden University © 2017 Individual authors he authors are solely responsible for the contents of their contributions Published by Sidestone Press, Leiden www.sidestone.com Lay-out & cover design: Sidestone Press Illustration cover: Photograph of burial X/2 of Mitterkirchen: M. Pertlwieser, Upper Austrian State Museum, with kind permission of J. Leskovar. Photograph of Wijchen linchpin by J. van Donkersgoed. ISBN 978-90-8890-442-4 (softcover) ISBN 978-90-8890-443-1 (hardcover) ISBN 978-90-8890-444-8 (PDF e-book) Published with inancial support of the Hamburg Scientiic Foundation (Hamburgische Wissenschaftliche Stiftung), the Department for European Prehistory of the Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University and a PhD in the Humanities (PGW-12-07) grant awarded to the second editor by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientiic Research (NWO) Contents Preface 7 Differentiation and globalization in Early Iron Age Europe. Reintegrating the early Hallstatt period (Ha C) into the debate Sasja van der Vaart-Verschoof and Robert Schumann 9 Moravia – a connecting Line between North, West and South. To the supra-regional connections and formation of elites in the early Hallstatt period Erika Makarová 29 The Iron Age cremation cemetery of Wörgl in Tyrol and the early Hallstatt Mindelheim horizon Markus Egg 49 Animals to honour the ancestors: on animal depositions in barrows of the northeast Alpine Hallstatt region Petra Kmeťová 67 Hallstatt C sword graves in Continental Gaul: rise of an elite or new system of representation of self in a context of crisis? Pierre-Yves Milcent 85 Hallstatt elite burials in Bohemia from the perspective of interregional contacts Martin Trefný 109 A cluster of chieftains’ graves in the Netherlands? Cremating and inhumating elites during Ha C on the Maashorst, NL Richard Jansen and Sasja van der Vaart-Verschoof 127 Textile symbolism in Early Iron Age burials Christoph Huth and Monika Kondziella 145 Identification and chronological aspects of western influence in northeast Alpine region of Hallstatt culture Ladislav Chmelo 161 Elites before the Fürstensitze: Hallstatt C sumptuous graves between Main and Danube Manuel Fernández-Götz and Bettina Arnold 183 The Early Iron Age in Belgium: earth and fire, and also water Eugène Warmenbol 201 Textiles as Early Iron Age prestige goods – a discussion of visual qualities Karina Grömer 221 ‘Elite graves’ in Bavaria. Considerations of practices, status and communication of early Hallstatt communities Melanie Augstein 237 New approaches to tracing (landscape) connections on the southeastern fringes of the Alps in the Early Iron Age: the state of (integrated) research in eastern Slovenia Matija Črešnar 255 Elites in the cemetery at Hallstatt, Upper Austria Bettina Glunz-Hüsken 271 French elite burials of the Early Iron Age Laurie Tremblay Cormier 287 A practice perspective: understanding Early Iron Age elite burials in the southern Netherlands through event-based analysis Quentin Bourgeois and Sasja van der Vaart-Verschoof 305 New research on sword graves of the Hallstatt C period in Hesse Wolfram Ney 319 The early Hallstatt elite burials in Belgium. An analysis of the funerary ritual Guy De Mulder 329 At the crossroads of the Hallstatt East Carola Metzner-Nebelsick 349 The Iron Age cremation cemetery of Wörgl in Tyrol and the early Hallstatt Mindelheim horizon Markus Egg Abstract his paper considers large-scale interactions of elites during the early Hallstatt period based on Grave 5 of the Wörgl cemetery in Tyrol. his cemetery is located in the valley of the river Inn in the northeastern Alps. It is part of the inner Alpine Hallstatt groups, which are distinguished from the Hallstatt groups north of the Alps by diferences in their burial rituals. For example, they lack the monumental burial mounds that are part of Hallstatt burials, while extensive pars pro toto depositions are characteristic. Even though Grave 5 of Wörgl is the result of a burial ritual characteristic of the inner Alpine Hallstatt groups, it yielded a huge amount of metal grave goods that allow an analysis on a European scale. In addition to the urn and another pottery vessel, a fragment of a sword, horse-gear, parts of a wagon, an iron pin and fragments of a situla were found in this grave. his combination of metal grave goods is typical of elite graves throughout Europe and therefor indicates large-scale interactions on a massive scale, from the Netherlands to Tyrol. An intensive evaluation of the distribution of these inds supports this. Zusammenfassung Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit großräumigen Kontakten älterhallstattzeitlicher Eliten ausgehend von Grab 5 des Gräberfeldes von Wörgl im Nordtiroler Inntal. Die Nekropole von Wörgl liegt im Nordtiroler Inntal und ist Teil der inneralpinen Hallstattgruppen. Diese grenzen sich von den nördlich der Alpen liegenden Hallstattgruppen unter anderem durch ein abweichendes Bestattungsritual ab. So werden in diesen Gruppen beispielsweise keine monumentalen Grabhügel errichtet. Zudem charakterisieren häuig pars pro toto beigegebene Funde diese Bestattungsplätze. In Grab 5 von Wörgl, dass eben diese inneralpinen Charakteristika des Bestattungsrituals aufweist, wurde eine große Anzahl an metallenen Grabbeigaben niedergelegt, die sich für eine großräumige Auswertung im ältereisenzeitlichen Europa eignet. Neben der Urne und einem weiteren Keramikgefäß fanden sich hier ein Fragment eines Schwertes, Pferdegeschirr, Teile eines Wagens, eine eiserne Nadel, ein eisernes Messer und Fragmente einer Situla. Diese Kombination an Beigaben ist typisch für Elitegräber dieser Zeit in weiten Teilen Europas und deutet großräumige Interaktionen dieser Eliten von den Beneluxländern bis in den circumalpinen Bereich an, was anhand der Verbreitung der entsprechenden Funde herausgearbeitet wird. The cemetery of Wörgl The Iron Age urnfield cemetery of Wörgl ‘Egerndorfer Field’ is situated a few kilometers to the east of Kufstein in the valley of the river Inn (Fig. 1). It was discovered as early as 1838 during stone quarry works (see Franz 1951, 5-11; Kneußl 1969, 147-148; Mérey-Kádár 1958, 450-451; Von Wieser 1911, 4-9 on the history of the discovery). The first excavations to recover a respectable amount egg 49 Fig. 1. The necropolis Egerndorfer Feld, district Wörgl and the Gratenbergl, district Kirchbichl (graphics M. Ober, RGZM based on a map of Google Earth). of urn graves were carried out by a local Antiquities club in 1842-44. G. von Merhart, professor for Prehistory at the University of Marburg, led excavations between 1934 and 1937 (Von Merhart 1935-38a, 48-49; Von Merhart 193538b, 104; Lucke 1938, 150-157). A. Lang in Munich is currently preparing the ca. 90 cremation burials that were uncovered during Von Merhart’s campaigns for publication. Von Merhart realized the signiicance of this cemetery for Tyrol and southern Bavaria for it bridges the gap between the Urnield period and the La Tène period. Furthermore the huge amount of metal grave goods interred in those burials reveals contact with Southern Germany, Upper Italy and the southeastern Alpine region. Due to threatening and actual building activities in the area of the cemetery further excavations were carried out by L. Zemmer-Plank and W. Sölder (Tyrolean Landes Museum Ferdinandeum Innsbruck) between 1982 and 2004 in twelve campaigns that revealed some further 600 cremation burials1. After the field work 1 See the annual reports published in Veröfentlichungen des Tiroler Landesmuseums Ferdinandeum 61, 1981; 62, 1982; 63, 1983; 65, 1985; 66, 1986; 68, 1988; 71, 1991; 72, 1992; 72, 1993; 82, 2002; 83, 2004; 84, 2004. 50 connecting elites and regions the restoration of the huge amount of find materials turned out to be a challenge. Almost two-thirds of the burials of the modern excavations were restored in the laboratories of the Tyrolean Landes Museum Ferdinandeum. Subsequently a joint project between the museum in Innsbruck and the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum in Mainz (RGZM) was started. This project in Mainz was devoted to the restoration, documentation and scientific analysis of the remaining burials, most of which were recovered en bloque. This work is still in progress and the cemetery of Wörgl may still provide some surprises. The current state of research indicates that the cemetery was founded at the very beginning of the Early Iron Age (Ha C1a) and was used until the Early La Tène period (Lt A). Younger graves have not yet been discovered. The associated settlement has been located. It was situated on the other side of the Brixentaler Ache, a small river, on a hilltop (Grattenbergl, municipality Kirchbichl) rising up in the middle of the valley of the river Inn (Fig. 1; Appler 2010, 76-81; Franz 1951, 20-21; Kneußl 1968, 149-150; Tomedi 1998, 49 fig. 9). The contemporaneousness of the burial site and the settlement was established by a noteworthy amount of stray finds and through two excavations on the Grattenbergl that were carried out by the Tyrolean State Museum in the 1970s2. In terms of the spatial distribution of sites of the Hallstatt and Early La Tène period around Wörgl it can be pointed out that the burial site on the Egerndorfer Feld was erected on the first natural terrace above the Brixentaler Ache. The distance between the burial site and the settlement is roughly 600 m and they show a good visibility to each other. The Brixentaler Ache divides the burial site from the settlement and needs to be crossed on the way from the settlement to the burial site. This striking separation of the world of the living and the dead by a flowing body of water may be linked to a perception of the division of the underworld from the living by a river, as testified in ancient Greek mythology. According to which one could reach the realm of the dead by crossing the river Acheron (also called Styx or Lethe). Similar perceptions may have led to the foundation of the burial site at its exact location. Geographical background The broad valley of the lower river Inn in northern Tyrol runs from southwest to northeast through the northeastern Alps. The terraces at the northern and southern fringes of the valley borders were settled in prehistoric times. Near Wörgl the Brixentaler Ache river flows into the Inn. Wörgl is therefore situated in an important location regarding transport geography (Fig. 2). The valley of the river Inn forms an east-west axis reaching from the Bavarian upland to the Maloja pass in Grisons (Switzerland). One can easily reach Italy by following the valley of Eisack and Etsch after passing the main chains of the Alps at the Brenner and Reschen pass. From the valley of the Eisack river one can reach the valley of the Drava river which runs to the southeastern Alpine region through the valley of the Puster river. The Brixentaler Ache as well as the Große Ache lead to the upper Salzach via the Grießen pass. From there one can easily get to Bischofshofen and the salt mining complex of Hallstatt via Bischofshofen and the valley of the river Enns. 2 See the annual reports published in Veröfentlichungen des Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum 56, 1976, 343 and 59, 1979, 165 on those excavations. egg 51 The inner Alpine Hallstatt groups The cemetery of Wörgl is part of the inner Alpine Hallstatt groups (Fig. 3A; Moosleitner 1980, 205-226). One of the main characteristics of these groups is their continued use of the cremation and urnfield traditions of the Late Bronze Age (Fig. 4). This adherence distinguishes the inner Alpine Hallstatt groups from those north of the Alps. Thereby the inner Alpine region is not a single uniform culture but can rather be divided into several groups (Fig. 3A)3. The burial sites of Bischofshofen and Uttendorf form the Salzach group in Salzburg (see Lippert/Stadler 2009; Moosleitner 1982/83) and they are characterized by a strong influence from north of the Alps in their pottery and southeastern Alpine influences in their costumes. The sites in the valley of the river Inn show a strong Bavarian influence in the early Hallstatt period (Ha C) but lack the southeastern Alpine imprint concerning the costumes (Lang 1998, 216-224). In southern Tyrol and the Trentino located south of the main Alpine crest the Melaun group is situated, that is distinguished by their Laugen influences in the pottery (Von 3 According to the latest research conducted by G. Tiefengraber (Tiefengraber/Tiefengraber 1980, 206) the inner Alpine group in the valley of the upper Mur in Styria (Moosleitner 1980, 206) is not a part of the inner Alpine Hallstatt groups because it is dominated by the Sulmtal group, those centre is situated south of the alps. 52 connecting elites and regions Fig. 2. The transalpine route network in the eastern Alps (graphics M. Ober, RGZM). Fig. 3 (opposite page). A: The inner Alpine Hallstat culture groups and their neighbors in the Early Iron Age. – B: Cultural contacts in the necropolis of Wörgl (graphics M. Ober, RGZM). A B egg 53 Merhart 1927, 67-79; Lunz 1974, 52-70; Gleirscher 1992, 117-134). The Tamins group is located in the Alpine Rhine Valley in Switzerland (see Rageth 1992, 176-184; Schmid-Sikimić 2002, 239-293), the pottery of which is influenced by the western Hallstatt culture as well as the Melaun group. Their costumes were heavily influenced by the Golasecca culture in Lombardia. Wörgl is one of the northernmost necropoles of the inner Alpine Hallstatt groups and is located only a few kilometers to the south of the western Hallstatt culture in Bavaria, the tumulus groups of which are distributed to the north of Lake Chiem (Fig. 3A); cf. Kossack 1959, 7-11 fig. 1 pl. 149). In the preceding Urnfield culture southern Bavaria and northern Tyrol formed a cultural entity (Sperber 1992a, 55-56; 1992b, 37), especially with regard to the burial rituals which show strong similarities. With the beginning of the Hallstatt culture around 800 BC this entity slowly dissolved through the dissociation of northern Tyrol from southern Bavaria. While in Bavaria as well as north of the Alps in general, the burials of elites are monumentalized through the erection of tumuli, this innovation is not adopted by the societies of the inner Alpine Hallstatt groups. This lack of monumental burials might be part of a resistance against the Hallstatt elites, who are typical for the regions north of the Alps. Furthermore in northern Tyrol the number of vessels does not increase in the course of the burial ritual. While in Bavaria 30 or more vessels can be deposited in burials (Kossack 1970, 130-138; Krausse 1996, 322-330; Lüscher 1993, 127-139 fig. 62-66), most graves in Wörgl and Kundl yield only the urn and one further vessel. The burial rites in Wörgl The burial site of Wörgl is characterized by strongly uniform burial rituals. Every deceased was burned and interred in a pottery urn. These urns were deposited in round burial pits. In several cases stones were used to shore up the burial pits or were arranged in a circular pattern. In some cases larger stones were used to mark a burial above ground. The used stones were never worked. Large burial monuments comparable to the tumuli of the Hallstatt culture north of the Alps are not known from Wörgl, where the burials are too close together to allow larger monuments. As mentioned above, many burials contained a single pottery vessel, a small bowl, in addition to the urn (Fig. 4). In only a few cases were one or two further vessels discovered, some of which survive only as fragments in the urn. This pattern of grave goods was strictly adhered to from the early Hallstatt period to the La Tène period. A special feature of the necropolis on the Egerndorfer Feld is the vast amount of rich metal grave goods compared to general Alpine burial rituals. Prestigious finds such as rich costumes, weapons, parts of horse-gear and bronze vessels are found in the burials. In Wörgl it is only the metal finds that demonstrate social inequalities within the burial ritual. Large burial mounds or huge sets of vessels are not used for social distinction. The metals also testify large-scale culture contacts and interdependencies (Fig. 3B). From all cardinal directions material culture found its way to Wörgl: a special form of ankle rings (Schaukelringe) points to nearby Bavaria; forms of arm rings derive from southwestern Germany like the so called Tonnenarmbänder. Arm rings with circular extensions hint to the middle Rhine region. The fibula costumes from Wörgl consist of large 54 connecting elites and regions 5 cm 5 cm Fig. 4. Wörgl, Egerndorfer Feld, grave 224. 1: in situ block recovery. – 2: Potery urn with accompanying bowl (photo R. Müller, RGZM). amounts of spectacle shaped fibulae (Brillenfibeln) and half-moon shaped fibula (Halbmondfibeln) that testify an orientation on the eponymous site of Hallstatt in Upper Austria. In contrast, the female belt costumes with oval belt plates follow Italic notions. Some neck rings (Ösenhalsringe) and fibulae testify connections to Slovenia and the Carpathian basin. All these large-scale interdependencies indicated by the finds lead to the question to what extend the inhabitants of the Grattenbergl were involved in the lucrative exchange of goods in Early Iron Age egg 55 Europe. The exceptional position of Wörgl in these networks becomes even more evident when the grave goods are compared to other burial sites of the region, like the necropolis of Kundl located some ten kilometers to the west (see Lang 1998). Here only very few metal grave goods were found in the Early Iron Age burials. Before one grave of Wörgl is presented in the context of connected elites, one specialty in the burial rituals of the necropolis needs to be emphasized: all the dead were burned on the pyre. Afterwards the cremated bones were collected, but only up to one or two handfuls were deposited in the urns. While for an adult one would roughly estimate around 1.5-2 kg of cremated bones, in Wörgl only up to 0.3 kg were deposited. In Kundl similar small amounts of cremation were interred in the graves (see Lang 1998, 48). The treatment of the remainder remains unknown. In many cases, metal grave goods were bent or broken before they were placed in the urns (Fig. 5; 7). A good example for this practice is the iron knives. In some cases, they were only bent to up to 90° while in other cases, they were folded several times. his folding seems impossible without the use of tools. Other iron objects were also heavily bent, like La Tène swords or horse-bits. Bronze grave goods were treated in a similar way. Fibulae or rings were equally bent or broken prior to deposition. A very special treatment was reserved for arm and ankle rings that were interred in pairs: one was broken while the other one was left intact (Fig. 5). Regularly, a pars pro toto was deposited in the grave, rather than the whole object. his rite is clearly illustrated by the fragment of a sword in Grave 5 (Fig. 7,8). he remainder was not interred in the urn. his custom is strikingly illustrated by Grave 58. In the urn two small fragments of tires with associated nails and felloe clamps were discovered. Such inds are parts of an early Hallstatt four-wheeled wagons and clearly illustrate the pars pro toto. Interestingly only one horse-bit was detected in this grave, even though a yoke and a harnessed team of two horses is needed for the use of the wagon. he pars pro toto custom was used far more intensively when compared to the Hallstatt culture north of the Alps (see Pare 1992, 198-200). It seems to be a characteristic of the inner Alpine Hallstatt groups, as described by A. Lang based on the cemetery of Kundl (Lang 1998, 50-51). It needs to be discussed what happened to the parts of the grave goods that were not interred in the urns: did they remain on the pyre and in the case of the bronze objects were burned down to amorphous drops of bronze? A definite evaluation is hard to give as the pyres have not been located. It remains possible that those other parts of the objects were deposited at hitherto unknown places. 56 connecting elites and regions Fig. 5. Wörgl, grave 338. 1: complete bronze arm ring. – 2: intentionally broken bronze arm ring (drawings M. Weber, RGZM). Another possibility is that they were kept by the mourners as a memento on the dead, but they could also have been remelted and reused later on. Wörgl, Grave 5 and large-scale interdependencies in the early Hallstatt period Fig. 6. Wörgl, Grave 5: plan of the grave (Tyrolean State Museum Ferdinandeum Innsbruck). Although the funerary community of Wörgl did not employ the new burial customs that dispersed north of the Alps, there were close connections with southern Germany in the early Hallstatt period (Ha C). This becomes exceedingly evident in Grave 5, which will be presented in the following to illustrate the largescale interdependencies of the cemetery of Wörgl. As is common for the burial site of Wörgl, Grave 5 is a typical urn burial (Fig. 6). The urn was interred in a circular pit and encircled by some stones. All grave goods were found in the urn. The Bavarian influence is already clearly depicted on the urn, which is only fragmentarily preserved. It shows a cone shaped neck and an ornament made of cherry red slip and graphite painting in a zigzag pattern (Fig. 7,10). Such vessels are type finds for the Hallstatt culture in southern Bavaria and the area around Inn and Salzach (Kossack 1959, 34-37; Stöllner 2002, 162-165) and are often testified in Wörgl as well. Inside the urn some cremated bones were discovered underneath a small pottery bowl (Fig. 7,11). As noted above, this combination of vessels is typical for the cemetery of Wörgl. This grave also yielded a fragment of a bronze sword blade that was damaged by fire (Fig. 7,8). Although the grip is missing, which is usually important for a typological analysis, the width of the blade and its ribs hint towards a Mindelheim sword (Cowen 1967, 384-391; Schauer 1971, 194-195). The central rib fits best with the variant Wels-Pernau, as defined by P. Schauer (1971, 194-195 pl. 95). egg 57 3–6 1 2 7 8 9 10 11 Fig. 7. Wörgl, grave 5, the grave goods. 1-2: iron horse-bits. – 3-6: bronze ring-footed rein-knobs 7: iron pin with multiple heads. – 8: fragments of a bronze sword blade. – 9: fragments of a bronze situla. – 10: fragments of the urn. – 11: accompanying potery bowl (photo M. Egg, RGZM). 58 connecting elites and regions Due to the fragmentary state of preservation the schemes as proposed by P.-Y. Milcent and M. Trachsel cannot be applied (Milcent 2004, 87-95; Trachsel 2004, 124-132 fig. 65-67). Mindelheim swords are generally made of iron, and the bronze versions are seen as the older variant of this weapon type. The bronze swords are much rarer than the iron examples. J.D. Cowen compiled them in 1967 (Fig. 8; Cowen 1967, 424-427 map A). Bronze Mindelheim swords are mostly found north of the Alps between Baden-Württemberg and Bohemia. Core areas can be found in Northern Bavaria and Upper Austria. The absence of such swords in the west seems noteworthy as they already do not appear in the Upper Rhine valley. The spread of swords found from Bohemia to southern Scandinavia is striking and can probably be seen in relation with the trade of amber. The sword of Wörgl is one of the southernmost swords of this type. Mindelheim swords are a type find of Ha C1b – C2 (Hodson, 1990, 54-65 fig. 13; fig. 17; Kossack 1959, 17-22). The bronze swords date to the beginning of this period as clearly shown by R. Hodson in the cemetery of Hallstatt (Hodson 1990, 58 fig. 17). The presence of such a sword in Grave 5 dates this burial to an early stage of Ha C1b around 700 BC. Two iron horse bits with curved cheekpieces tetragonal holes were also found (Fig. 7,1-2), which belong to G. Kossack classic type Ib4. Wörgl is the only site of the inner Alpine Hallstatt groups where cheek-pieces are testified in eight graves. In Grave 5 the cheek-pieces were found in a pair but as typical for Wörgl, in an incomplete state. These finds identify the deceased as a driver of a wagon. Cheek-pieces of the type Ib are typical for Ha C1b in southern Germany as already noted by G. Kossack in 1954. The more recent studies of C. MetznerNebelsick (2002, 114) confirm this classification. The distribution map of these finds testifies their broad distribution from the Netherlands to Serbia with a clear concentration in southern Germany and Bohemia. The finds from Wörgl link up to this core area (Pare 1992, 142 fig. 101a). Grave 5 also yielded four ring-footed rein-knobs without flanges (Fig. 7,3-6; Kossack 1954, 117 map 3; Pare 1992, 139-146 fig. 101b). C. Metzner-Nebelsick terms these as type AVa (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 311-318 fig. 139A, Va.). G. Kossack stressed that these ring-footed rein-knobs need to be counted to the group of burials with richly decorated horse-gear of the early Hallstatt period (Ha C) and are mostly associated with horse-bits of the types Ib or Ic (Fig. 9; Kossack 1954, 118-124), which is also the case in Grave 5 of Wörgl. Graves with such horse-gear are typical for Ha C1. The simple ring-footed rein-knobs of the Hallstatt period are mostly found in southern Germany and Bohemia (Fig. 10; Pare 1992, 143 fig. 101b) and the finds from Wörgl form a southern periphery of this core area. Still, some such finds are scattered from the Netherlands to the Carpathian basin. In terms of costume Grave 5 yielded a badly preserved iron pin with multiple heads separated from the shaft by a stop (Faltenwehr). The final head is lenticular in shape and is accompanied by two further heads (Fig. 7,7). At first glance, the use of iron seems unusual for such pins were usually cast in bronze, as for example in 4 Kossack 1954, 119-120 map 2; Pare 1992, 140-146 ig. 101a. – Two further cheek pieces of this type from Salzburg-Maxglan, grave 400 (Moosleitner 1996, 324 ig. 10,1-2) need to be added as well as two pieces tumulus 3 and 139 of Budinjak in Croatia (Škoberne 1999, pl. 8,3. – I would like to thank the excavator Ž. Škoberne (Zagreb) for the hint on the unpublished piece of Tumulus 3). egg 59 Fig. 8. Distribution of bronze Mindelheim Sword (mapped after Cowen 1967 with complements). 1: Bjerringbro. – 2: Fœllenslev. – 3: Holbaek-Slots. – 4: Limjord. – 5: Bamberg. – 6: Bubesheim. – 7: Burladingen-Ringingen. – 8: Ellwangen-Röhlingen. – 9: Frankfurt-Oberrad. – 10: Itelhofen-Freihausen. – 11: Kappel-Kemmathen. – 12: Knezgau-Wertheim. – 13: Mindelheim. – 14: Mistelgau. – 15: Mötingen. – 16: Neuensee. – 17: Schönfeld. – 18: SchreezGosen. – 19: Stefenshagen. – 20: Thalmässing. – 21: Vilshofen. – 22: Wertheim. – 23: Lekve. – 24: Hallstat. – 25: Wels-Pernau. – 26: Wels-Wimpassing. – 27: Wörgl. – 28: Batăr-Arpăşel. – 29: Ånsta. – 30: Hassle. – 31: Råsunda. – 32: Sjögestad. – 33: Bohušovice. – 34: Jarošavice. – 35: Kolin (graphics M. Ober, RGZM). Fig. 9. Distribution of type Ib horse bits (mapped after Pare 1992 with complements). 1: Limal-Morimoine. – 2: Court-St.-Etienne. – 3: Aholing. – 4: Bad Rappenau. – 5: Beilngries. – 6: Bitelbrunn. – 7: Mindelheim. – 8: Neukirchen-Gaisheim. – 9: Thalmässing. – 10: Unterwiesenacker. – 11: Como-Ca’Morta. – 12: Budinjak. – 13: Dalj. – 14: Erdut Veliki Varad. – 15: Kaptol. – 16: Oss. – 17: RoseggFrög. – 18: Salzburg-Maxglan. – 19: Wörgl. – 20: Cristeşti. – 21: Cipău. – 22: Boranja. – 23: Ritopek. – 24: Hradenín. – 25: Lhotka. – 26: Lovosice. – 27: Plaňany. – 28: Platěnice. – 29: Nagysomló-Dobai Ungarn. – 30: Sédvíz. – 31: Somlyóhegy. – 32: Somlyóvásárhely (graphics M. Ober, RGZM). 60 connecting elites and regions Fig. 10. Distribution of simple ring-footed rein-knobs (mapped after Pare 1992 with complements). 1: AlbstadtEbingen. – 2: AlbstadtTailingen. – 3: Bitelbrunn. – 4: Breisach-Gündlingen. – 5: Dietfurt a. d. Altmühl. – 6: Eigeltingen-Honsteten. – 7: Emmerting-Bruck. – 8: Engstingen-Großengstingen. – 9: Estorf-Leeseringen. – 10: Forst Merzelbach. – 11: Gauting. – 12: Großeibstadt. – 13: Köngen. – 14: Lager Lechfeld. – 15: Leipheim. – 16: Maisach-Gernlinden. – 17: Mindelheim. – 18: Morizbrunn. – 19: Neukirchen-Gaisheim. – 20: Neusteten-Wolfenhausen. – 21: Oberfahlheim. – 22: Reichenau. – 23: Riedenburg-Haidhof. – 23: Rorgenwies. – 24: Scheuring-Haltenberg. – 25: Sigmaringen-Laiz. – 26: Tannheim.27: Thann-Neuhaus. – 28: Unterwiesenacker. – 29: Vöhringen. – 30: Wehringen. – 31: Mailhac. – 32: Wijchen. – 33: Gilgenberg. – 34: Hallstat. – 35: Wörgl. – 36: Stična. – 37: Vitina (Herzegowina). – 38: Dýšina. – 39: Horákov. – 40: Lhotka. – 41: Lovosice. – 42: Plaňany. -43: StraškovRačiněves. – 44: NagyberkiSzalacska. – 45: Százhalombata (graphics M. Ober, RGZM). Hallstatt, Veneto or in Slovenia. In Wörgl pins with multiple heads were primarily made of iron, which conforms with other cemeteries of the inner Alpine Hallstatt groups, like Bischofshofen5 or Uttendorf in the Pinzgau (Moosleitner 1982/83, 30 fig. 26,3.7) situated in federal state Salzburg or in Pfatten/Vadena in southern Tyrol (Marzatico 1997, 531-534 fig. 231-235 pl. 115,1284-1293). Those sites yielded several iron pins of that type, which indicates that this is typical for the inner Alpine Hallstatt groups. The choice of this material cannot be ascribed to a lack of copper in this region but can rather be seen as a conscious choice in appreciation of iron in the manufacture of costume. The distribution map recently provided by Ž. Škoberne (2004, 213-218 fig. 4)6 indicates that these pins are concentrated around the Caput Adriae, the southeastern Alpine region, the eastern Alps with the center of Hallstatt and along the valleys of Etsch and Inn. In smaller numbers they also appear in southern Bavaria and the area around Inn and Salzach north of the Alps. Furthermore, fragments of a bronze situla with a short cylindrical neck were found in Grave 5 (Fig. 7,9). As with all situlae in Wörgl, it was fragmented and only a part of it was interred in the grave. The clearly pronounced shoulder was ornamented with a circular rib. The bottom of the situla was formed like a riveted bowl, which indicates an early dating of this situla, as these were replaced by 5 6 As much as six iron pins with multiple heads were discovered here. See Lippert/Stadler 2009, pl. 25,3.8; pl. 32,6; pl. 74,9; pl. 132,4; pl. 169,27. In northern Tyrol one further piece of Langenkampfen-Marienkapelle needs to be added (Appler 2010, 80 ig. 39,8). egg 61 Fig. 11. Distribution of the discussed type of situlae (Situlen mit Steilhals, einnietiger Bandatasche und angenieteter Bodenschale). 1: Albate. – 2: ComoCa’Morta. – 3: Ede. – 4: Hallstat. – 5: Wörgl. – 6: Rvenice. – 7: Vaskeresztes (graphics M. Ober, RGZM). situlae with grooved bottoms in the course of Ha D. The handle attachments of the situla feature one rivet and held a bow shaped handle ending in bird shapes As the distribution map indicates (Fig. 11), there are only a few parallels for the situla of Grave 5 of Wörgl, among them the situla of Ede-Bennekom in the Netherlands (Kimmig 1962/63, 67 fig. 12). Such a connection, from Wörgl in northern Tyrol to the Netherlands, is quite striking as it connects the most distant parts of early Hallstatt elites with each other. The distribution of those situlae covers a broad area from upper Italy to the Netherlands and from Hungary to the western Alps. What stands out is that most of these situlae show two or three ribs on the shoulder. The only exceptions are Wörgl Grave 5, Grave 555 of Hallstatt (Prüssing 1991, pl. 35,162) and tumulus 1 from Vaskersztes in Hungary (Fekete 1985, 73 fig. 5,4), which feature a single rib. As already pointed out, these situlae chronologically derive from the early Hallstatt period (Ha C), (see Hodson 1990, 59 fig. 17 and Sievers 1982, 18 pl. 1,1 on the piece of Hallstatt as well as Fekete 1985, 74-75 and Patay 1990, 74 pl. 48 on the find from Vaskersztes). Those with multiple ribs seem to emerge in the Later Hallstatt period (Ha D). The example from Wörgl is a little older than its parallels and dates to an early section of Ha C1b, around 700 BC, due to the association with the horse-gear and the bronze Mindelheim sword blade. 62 connecting elites and regions Conclusion Although interred in an urn in a flat grave, the metal grave goods of Wörgl Grave 5 – consisting of a sword, horse-gear, a wagon and even a bronze vessel – form an exclusive grave furnishing. This set of grave goods represents the classic endowment of the early Hallstatt Mindelheim horizon. This pattern of exclusive grave goods can be found in quite diverse cultural groups between Tyrol and the Netherlands. The elites of these cultures of different origin all used this set to show high prestige in burial rituals. These burials therefor clearly indicate large-scale interaction between elites in the early Hallstatt period on a European scale in this large area between Tyrol and the Netherlands. These elites were communicating and interacting with each other across Europe. Bibliography Appler 2010: H. Appler, Schatzfunde, Opferplätze und Siedlungen. Neue archäologische Forschungen zur Vorgeschichte und Römerzeit in Nordtirol 1 (Wattens/Wien 2010). Cowen 1967: J. Cowen, The Hallstatt sword of Bronze: on the continent and in Britain. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 33, 1967, 377-454. Fekete 1985: M. Fekete, Rettungsgrabung früheisenzeitlicher Hügelgräber in Vaskeresztes. Acta Archaeologica Hungarica 37, 1985, 33-77. Gleirscher 1992: P. Gleirscher, Die Laugen-Melaun-Gruppe. In: P. Metzger/P. Gleirscher (eds.), Die Räter – I Reti (Bozen 1992) 117-125. Franz 1951: L. Franz, Aus Wörgls vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit. In: H. Federer (ed.), Wörgler Heimatschriftchen II. Von der Besiedlung (Wörgl 1951) 5-22. Hodson 1990: R. Hodson, Hallstatt. The Ramsauer Graves – Quantification and Analysis. Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 16 (Mainz 1990). Kimmig 1962/63: W. Kimmig, Bronzesitulen aus dem Rheinischen Gebirge, HunsrückEifel-Westerwald. Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 43/44, 1962/63, 31-106. Kneußl 1969: R. Kneußl, Studien an hallstättischer Keramik der Gräberfelder Egerndorfer Wald (Wörgl) und Haiming. In: O. Menghin (ed.), Beiträge zur Urgeschichte Tirols. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Sonderheft 29 (Innsbruck 1969) 145-235. Kossack 1954: G. Kossack, Pferdegeschirr aus Gräbern der älteren Hallstattzeit Bayerns. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 1, 1954, 111-178. Kossack 1959: G. Kossack, Südbayern während der Hallstattzeit. Römisch-Germanische Forschungen 24 (Berlin 1959). Kossack 1970: G. Kossack, Gräberfelder der Hallstattzeit an Main und Fränkischer Saale. Materialhefte zur bayerischen Vorgeschichte 24 (Kallmünz 1970). Krausse 1996: D. Krausse; Hochdorf III. Das Trink- und Speiseservice aus dem späthallstattzeitlichen Fürstengrab von Eberdingen-Hochdorf (Kr. Ludwigsburg). Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg 64 (Stuttgart 1996). Lang 1998: A. Lang, Das Gräberfeld von Kundl im Tiroler Inntal. – Studien zur vorrömischen Eisenzeit in den zentralen Alpen. Frühgeschichtliche und provinzialrömische Archäologie 2 (Rahden/Westf. 1998). egg 63 Lippert/Stadler 2009: A. Lippert/P. Stadler, Das spätbronze- und früheisenzeitliche Gräberfeld von Bischofshofen-Pestfriedhof. Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 168 (Bonn 2009). Lucke 1938: W. Lucke, Zu einem Bronzefund mit Situla in Wörgl, Tirol. Germania 22, 1938, 150-157. Lüscher 1993: G. Lüscher, Unterlunkhofen und die hallstattzeitliche Grabkeramik in der Schweiz. Antiqua 24 (Basel 1993). Lunz 1974: R. Lunz, Studien zur End-Bronzezeit und älteren Eisenzeit im Südalpenraum (Florenz 1974). Marzatico 1992: F. Marzatico, Il gruppo Fritzens-Sanzeno. In: Metzger / Gleirscher 1992, 213-233. Marzatico 1997: F. Marzatico, I materiali preromani della valle dell’Adige nel Castello del Buonconsiglio. Patrimonio Storico e Artistico del Trentino 21 (Trento 1997). Mérey-Kádár 1958: E. Mérey-Kádár, Funde aus dem Gräberfeld „Egerndorfer Wald“ bei Wörgl im Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum. Der Schlern 32, 1958, 450-452. Metzger/Gleirscher 1992: P. Metzger/P. Gleirscher (eds.), Die Räter – I Reti (Bozen 1992). Metzner-Nebelsick 2002: C. Metzner-Nebelsick, Der „thrako-kimmerische“ Formenkreis aus der Sicht der Urnenfelder- und Hallstattzeit im südöstlichen Pannonien. Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen 23 (Rahden/Westf. 2002). Milcent 2004: P.-Y. Milcent, Le premier âge du Fer en France Centrale. Mémoires de la Société Préistorique Française 34 (Paris 2004). Moosleitner 1980: F. Moosleitner, Der inner Alpine Raum in der Hallstattzeit. In: Die Hallstattkultur Symposium Steyr (Linz 1980) 205-226. Moosleitner 1982/83: F. Moosleitner, Das hallstattzeitliche Gräberfeld von Uttendorf im Pinzgau. Ausstellungskat. Zell a. See u. Salzburg (1982 u. 1983). Moosleitner 1996: F. Moosleitner, Zum Übergang von der Urnenfelderzeit zur Hallstattperiode im Salzburger Becken. In: E. Jerem/A. Lippert (eds.), Die Osthallstattkultur. Akten des internationalen Symposiums Sopron 1994. Archaeolingua (Budapest 1996) 315-325. Pare 1992: C. Pare, Wagons and wagon-graves of the early iron age in Central Europe. Oxford Univ. Committee for Archaeology Monographs 35 (Oxford 1992). Patay 1990: P. Patay, Die Bronzegefäße in Ungarn. Prähistorische Bronzefunde 2,10 (München 1990). Prüssing 1991: G. Prüssing, Die Bronzegefäße in Österreich. Prähistorische Bronzefunde 2,5 (Stuttgart 1991). Rageth 1992: J. Rageth, Zur Eisenzeit im Alpenrheintal. In: In: P. Metzger/P. Gleirscher (eds.), Die Räter – I Reti (Bozen 1992) 175-201. Schauer 1971: P. Schauer, Die Schwerter in Süddeutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz I (Griffplatten-, Griffangel- und Griffzungenschwerter). Prähistorische Bronzefunde 4,2 (München 1971). Schmid-Sikimić 2002: B. Schmid-Sikimić, Mesocco Coop (GR) Eisenzeitlicher Bestattungsplatz im Brennpunkt zwischen Süd und Nord. Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 88 (Bonn 2002). 64 connecting elites and regions Sievers 1982: S. Sievers, Die mitteleuropäischen Hallstattdolche. Prähistorische Bronzefunde 6,6 (München 1982). Škoberne 1999: Ž. Škoberne, Budinjak kneževski tumul (Zagreb 1999). Škoberne 2004: Ž. Škoberne, The find of an unusual multi-headed pin from the cemetery at Budinjak. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 34, 2004, 211-227. Sperber 1992a: L. Sperber, Zur Spätbronzezeit im Alpinen Inn- und Rheintal. In: P. Metzger/P. Gleirscher (eds.), Die Räter – I Reti (Bozen 1992) 53-74. Sperber 1992b: L. Sperber, Zur Demographie des spätbronzezeitlichen Gräberfeldes von Volders in Nordtirol. Veröffentlichungen des Tiroler Landesmuseums Ferdinandeum 72, 1992, 37-74. Stöllner 2002: T. Stöllner, Die Hallstattzeit und der Beginn der Latènezeit im Inn-SalzachRaum. Archäologie in Salzburg 3,1 (Salzburg 2002). Tiefengraber/Tiefengraber 2105: G. Tiefengraber/S. Tiefengraber, Zum Stand der Erforschung hallstattzeitlicher „Zentralsiedlungen“ in der Obersteiermark. In. C. Gutjahr/G. Tiefengraber (eds.), Beiträge zur Hallstattzeit am Rande der Südostalpen. Akten 2. Int. Symposion Wildon 2010. Internationale Archäologie, Kongress 19 = Hengist-Studien 3 (Rahden/Westf. 2015) 217-275. Tomedi 1998: G. Tomedi, Eine vorgeschichtliche Wanderung im Raum Wörgl. In: J. Zangerl (ed.), Wörgl ein Heimatbuch. (Wörgl 1998) 39-52. Trachsel 2004: M. Trachsel, Untersuchungen zur relativen und absoluten Chronologie der Hallstattzeit. Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 104 (Bonn 2004). von Merhart 1927: G. von Merhart, Archäologisches zur Frage der Illyrer in Tirol. Wiener prähistorische Zeitschrift 14, 1927, 65-118. von Merhart 1935-38a: G. von Merhart, Wörgl, GB. u. VB Kufstein. Fundberichte aus Österreich 2, 1935-1938, 48-49. von Merhart 1935-38b: G. von Merhart, Wörgl, GB. u. VB Kufstein. Fundberichte aus Österreich 2, 1935-1938, 104. von Wieser 1911: F. von Wieser, Prähistorische und römische Funde bei Wörgl. In: Festschrift zur Feier der Markterhebungsfeier von Wörgl am 13. August 1911 (Innsbruck 1911) 3-9. Author Markus Egg Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Archäologie Ernst-Ludwig-Platz 2 D – 55116 Mainz Germany egg@rgzm.de egg 65 CONNECTING ELITES AND REGIONS he Early Iron Age Hallstatt C period in Northwest and Central Europe is marked by the emergence of monumental tumuli with lavish burials, some of which are known as chieftain’s or princely graves. his new burial rite relects one of the most noteworthy developments in Early Iron Age Europe: the rise of a new and elaborate way of elite representation north of the Alps. hese sumptuous burials contain beautiful weaponry, bronze vessels and extravagantly decorated wagons and horse-gear. hey relect long-distance connections in material culture and elite (burial) practices across the breadth of Northwest and Central Europe. Research into this period, however, tends to be regionally focused and poorly accessible to scholars from other areas – language barriers in particular are a hindering factor. In an attempt to overcome this, Connecting Elites and Regions brings together scholars from several research traditions and nations who present regional overviews and discussions of elite burials and material culture from all over Northwest and Central Europe. In many cases these are the irst overviews available in English and together they make regional research accessible to a wider audience. As such this volume contributes to and hopes to stimulate research on the Early Iron Age Hallstatt C period on a European scale. Sidestone Press ISBN: 978-90-8890-442-4 9 789088 904424